$B<>EY$N9b$$Bg5$Cf$N(BSPM$B$OI=LL$K?e$r5[Ce$7KD=a$9$k(B[2]$B!%(BSPM$B$r3K$H$7$??eE)$N2hA|$b8xI=$5$l$F$$$k(B[3]$B!%?eE)2=$7$?(BSPM$B$,9bG;EY$K$J$k$H2b$K8+$($k$H9M$($i$l$k$,$=$l$K$D$$$F;XE&$7$?J88%$O$[$H$s$I$J$$!%(B
$B1@$N6E7k3K(B[4]$B$O(BSPM$B$H8F$P$J$$$,%(%"%m%>%k$H$J$C$FBg5$Cf$KB8:_$9$k!%(B2007$BG/=)5(0J9_$N6e=#El%7%J3$$KLL$7$?COJ}$G$OB@M[J}8~$N1@$N<~JU$K4uGv$J2b$,B8:_$9$k$h$&$K$J$C$?!%(B2008$BG/2F5(0J9_$O6e=#A40h$K$=$&$$$&2b$,4Q;!$5$l$k!%8=:_$OCm0U?<$/6u$r4Q;!$7$J$$$H8+F($9%l%Y%k$G$"$k!%4c;k4QB,$G$O2b$N7A$OITDj7A$G1@$rCf?4$H$7$?@55,J,I[$G$J$$!%1@$h$j$b$O$k$+$KBg$-$JBN@Q$r@j$a!$AX>u$K8+$($k!%$=$&$$$&2b$O%(%"%m%>%k$G$"$k$,@.J,$OITL@$G$"$k!%8&5fNc$b$J$$!%(B
$BBg5$1x@wJ*
$B2f!9$O$=$l$i$rD4::$9$k$N$O2=3X$N0lJ,Ln$H;W$&!%$^$:2b$NB8:_$rL@3N$K<($9$3$H!$$=$N2hA|$r5-O?$7G;EYJQ2=$rD4::$9$k$3$H$,I,MW$H;W$&!%(B
$B%(%"%m%>%k$H1@$H$NAj8_:nMQ$OCO5e29CH2=$K4X78$,$"$j=EMW$J8&5f2]Bj$G$"$k(B[6]$B!%$7$+$7%(%"%m%>%k$H1@$N
$B0J2$9$3$H$,I,MW$H;W$&!%$^$:Bg5$Cf$N(BSPM$BJ,I[$r2D;k2=$7!$J,8wFC@-$r7WB,$9$kI,MW@-$r46$8$k!%K\O@J8$NL\E*$OA0
2 $B%(%"%m%>%k;6Mp8w;#A|J}K!(B
SPM$BG;EY$O=ENLBN@QHf$G(Bppb$B%*!<%@$G$"$k$N$G2D;k8w$N%+%a%i$G;#1F$7$F$b2?$b2. 1 $B%G%8%?%k%+%a%i$N2~B$(B
Rayleigh$B;6Mp6/EY$OGHD9$N(B-4$B>h$KHfNc$7(BMie$B;6Mp6/EY$OGHD9$N(B-2~0$B>h$KHfNc$9$k(B[11]$B$N$G(BSPM$B2t$r9b(BS/N$BHf$G;#1F$9$k$K$OD9GHD98w$,E,$9$k!%%G%8%?%k%+%a%i$NRayleigh/Mie$B;6Mp$N(BS/N$BHf$@$1$r9M$($l$P(B900~1000 nm$B$N9-BS0h%P%s%I%Q%9(B(BP)$B!&%U%#%k%?$,E,$9!%$7$+$7(BMie$B;6Mp6/EY$bGHD90MB8@-$OIi$G$"$k$N$GD9GHD9$[$IHy
-
$B2hA|5-O?7A<0$r:GBg%S%C%H?t$N(BRAW$B$K$9$k!%(B
-
$B%l%s%:!&%U!<%I$r$D$1%W%m%F%/%?N`$r30$9!%(B
-
$B8w8;$OB@M[8w!$(BISO$B46EY$r:GDcCM$K8GDj!$O*=P$r%^%K%e%"%k@_Dj!$(BF$BCM$r8GDj$9$k!%(B
-
$B9g>G5!G=$r%^%K%e%"%k$K@_Dj$7(B¥$B>GE@$r;#1FKh$K@:L)$K9g$o$;$k!%(B
-
$B2hA|$N8+1I$($rNI$/$9$k2hA|=hM}$rDd;_$9$k!%(B
2. 2 IR$B2~B$%+%a%i$NFC@-(B
$BC1HD<0%G%8%?%k!&%+%a%i$O(BIR$B%+%C%H%U%#%k%?$NB>$K;0?'J,2r$N$?$a$N%b%6%$%/!&%U%#%k%?$,B8:_$9$k!%SPM$BG;EY$,Dc$$$K$b$+$+$o$i$:;kDx$,>.$5$$!%IaDL$O@2$N8+@2$i$7$NNI$$F|$G$"$k$,(B2008$BG/$O(BFigure 3$B$K<($9$h$&$K1+NL(B0~0.1 mm$B$N9_1+$,@2$l$F$$$F$bCGB3E*$K$"$j<>EY$N>.JQ2=$,$"$k!%$=$l$OBg5$$K>qMp$,$"$k$3$H$r<($9!%$=$N$?$a6uCf$KHy>.?eE)$,B8:_$7;kDx$rDc2<$5$;$F$$$k$H;W$o$l$k!%(B
$B2D;kIt$N;#1F%+%a%i$O(BPentax K100D super$B!$@V30It;#1F%+%a%i$O(BIR$B2~B$(BNikon D40x$B$G$"$k!%%l%s%:$O(BFA50/1.4, AF50D/1.4$B$G>GE@5wN%$O6&$K(B50mm$B$G$"$k!%;#1F;~$N(BISO$BCM$O(B200, 100$B!$(BF$B?t$O(B13, 5.6$B$G$"$k!%(B
Figure 1$B$N852hA|$NCf1{$r2<$+$i>e$K(BRGB$BMWAG$r%9%-%c%s$7$?AjBP51EYCM$r(BFigure 4$B$K<($9!%(BFigure 2$B$N852hA|$NCf1{$r2<$+$i>e$K(BIR, G-, B-leak$BMWAG$r%9%-%c%s$7$?AjBP51EYCM$r(BFigure 5$B$K<($9!%(B
Figure 1. Clouds and aerosol on Hyuga-nada, whose detected band is 400 ~ 650 nm. Hyuga-Nada is a domestic name for a part of Miyazaki near the Pacific Ocean. Observed time is 2008/8/19, 8:55 [JST]. The point is faculty of engineering of Miyazaki University. The direction from the point to the coast is east, and the distance is 3.4 km. The camera is Pentax K100D super with FA 50/1.4. The photographic information is ISO = 200, F = 13 and 1/4000 s. The monochrome image processing is (B+2G+R)/4 for each pixels.
Figure 2. Clouds and aerosol on Hyuga-nada, whose detected band is 760 ~ 1000 nm. The observation time and point are the same as in Figure 1. The camera is IR-enhanced Nikon D40x with AF 50D/1.4. The information is ISO= 100, F= 5.6 and 1/800 s. The monochrome image is obtained from processing; i.e., R-B-leak+G-leak.
Figure 3. The rainfall [mm] and humidity [%] between 2008/8/18 ~ 8/20 at Miyazaki meteorological observatory.
Figure 4. Relative RGB brightness by scanning of the original image of Figure 1. The vertical scale is relative brightness (8 bits). The horizontal scale is the angle [deg] from the sea surface.
Figure 5. Relative R, G-, B-leak brightness by scanning of the original image of Figure 2. The image is obtained by an IR-enhanced digital camera whose IR-cut filter is replaced by a long-pass filter of 760 nm. The vertical scale is relative brightness. The horizontal scale is the angle [deg] from the sea surface.
Figures 1, 2$B$N0u>]>e$NAj0c$OBg$-$$!%$7$+$7(BFigures 4, 5$B$K$*$$$F$O6D3Q(B12$BEYIU6a$N1@$N51EYCMJQ2=$OBP1~$,$D$/!%(BFigure 2$B$N6D3Q(B2~2.5 $BEY$N(BSPM$B;6Mp8w$O(BFigure 1$B$K$O8+=P$;$J$$!%6D3Q(B12.5~15 $BEY$N1@$N>e$N(BSPM$BJ,I[$O(BB-leak$B@.J,$G$O82Cx$G$"$k$,!$(BFigure 1$B$G$O(BG, R$B@.J,$K$+$9$+$K8+=P$;$kDxEY$G$"$k!%$7$?$,$C$F(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$O2D;k8w$G$O8!=P:$Fq$J(BSPM$BJ,I[$r2hA|2=$G$-$k2DG=@-$,$"$k!%(B
Figure 1~5$B$O0l$D$NNc$G$"$k$,!$2f!9$O?t==0J>e$NNc$G(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$,4uGv$J(BSPM$BJ,I[$N2hA|2=$KE,$9$3$H$r3N$+$a$?!%$?$@$7!$>o$KF1$82hA|=hM}$GNI$$$H$$$&$3$H$O$J$/!$>u67$K1~$8$FMM!9$NJ}K!$r6n;H$9$kI,MW$,$"$k!%$=$l$i$r0J2<$K<($9!%(B
2. 3 $B2hAGCM$N9b@:EY2=(B
$BBg5$$N>qMp$K$h$j(BSPM$BJ,I[$OIT6Q0l$K$J$j!$Bg5$;#1F2hA|$N2hAGCM$NAj0c$H$J$k!%$7$+$7IaDL$N%G%8%?%k2hA|$N2hAGCM$O(B[0, 255]$B6h4V$N@0?tCM$G$"$k!%$3$l$O?M4V$N4c$N5!G=$K9g$o$;$?$b$N$G(BSPM$BJ,I[$NIT6Q0l@-$rI=8=$9$k$K$O==J,$G$J$$!%2hAGCM$NJ,2rG=$r9b$/$9$k$?$a(B1. RGB$B@.J,J?6Q!$(B2. $B0\F0J?6Q!$(B3. $B%S%K%s%0(B(binning)$B!$(B4. $B%3%s%]%8%C%H(B(composite)$B$N#4J}K!$r<($9!%$=$l$i$NJ}K!$N2hAG4V$N1i;;<0$O0J2<$G$"$k!%(B2. 3. 1 RGB$B@.J,J?6Q(B
$BRGB$B7A<0$N2hAGCM$r(BPR(k, j), PG(k, j), PB(k, j)$B$H$9$k!%(BRGB$B@.J,$NJ?6Q$H$O2<5-1i;;$K$h$j(BQ(k, j)$B$rF@$k$3$H$G$"$k!%(B
$BIaDL$NJ?6Q$O!$(B
$B$G$"$k$,!$%Y%$%d!
$B$,J?6Q$G$"$k!%(B
$B0lHL;#1FMQ$N%+%a%i%l%s%:$O(Bh$B@~(B(405 nm)$B$N<}:9Jd@5$,NI$/$J$$!%$=$&$$$&%l%s%:$G;#1F$9$k$HG\N($N?'<}:9$,=P$F2hA|$N@h1TEY$rB;$J$&!%$=$N>l9g$O!$(B
$B$H$9$k!%(B
IR$B2~B$%+%a%i$N>l9g!$2hAGCM(BPR(k, j), PG(k, j), PB(k, j)$B$K?'$N>pJs$O4^$^$l$J$$!%2hAGCM$NAj0c$OA|51EY$KBP$9$k2hA|=hM}%(%s%8%s=PNO$NAj0c$G$"$k!%=PNOCMJ,I[$OO*8wNL$K0MB8$9$k!%(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$G$O<+F0O*=P$,;HMQ$G$-$:!$7P83$K$?$h$k!%=>$C$F!$$I$N@.J,$K51EY>pJs$,B?$$$+$O;#1F8e$K%R%9%H%0%i%`$r8!F$$9$kI,MW$,$"$k!%$=$l$G$bH=A3$H$7$J$1$l$P(BFigure 5$B$N$h$&$J(BR, G-, B-leak$B51EY6J@~$rIA$/I,MW$,$"$k!%$=$l$i$+$iE,@Z$JJ?6QK!$rA*Dj$9$k$?$a$N;X?K$r0J2<$K<($9!%(B
Figure 5$B$N>l9g!$<0(B(1)$B$O(BPR(k, j)$B$NJ,I[$O$\$\0lD>@~$G$"$k!%$f$($K2hA|>pJs$rC4$&@.J,$O>/$J$$!%
$B$N$h$&$K%M%,E*$K$9$k$+!$(B
$B$H$9$k!%2f!9$N7P83$G$O<0(B(5)$B$,(Ba >= 0.5$B$G0lHLE*$K;HMQ$G$-!$<0(B(4)$B$O1@$N<~JU$K$"$k?eE)(BSPM$BJ,I[$N2D;k2=$KM-8z$G$"$C$?!%<0(B(4, 5)$B$r;HMQ$9$k$H$-$O<0(B(6, 7)$B$K$h$j5,3J2=$9$kI,MW$,$"$k!%(B
$B$3$3$G(B[ ]$B$O(BGauss$B5-9f$G$"$k!%(B
2. 3. 2 $B0\F0J?6Q(B
$B2hA|$N%3%s%H%i%9%H$r6/D4$9$k$H
$B0lHLE*$J<0$H$7$F$O(B
$BK\K!$K$h$jG.;(2;$O>/$J$/$J$k$,2hA|$N@h1TEY$ODc2<$9$k!%(B
2. 3. 3 $B%S%K%s%0(B(binning)
$BQ'(K, J)$B$r85$N(BQ(K, J)$B$HCV49$9$k!%(B
$BK\K!$N7gE@$O2hA|J,2rG=$,(BM-2$BG\$K$J$k$3$H$G$"$k!%
2. 3. 4 $B%3%s%]%8%C%H(B(composite)
$B%+%a%i$r8GDj$7F10lBP>]J*$r(BL$B2s;#A|$9$k!%$=$N2hAGCM$r2C;;J?6Q$9$k!%(BS/N$BHf$O(BL-0.5$BG\$K$J$k!%2. 4 SPM$B2D;k2=1i;;(B
2. 4. 1 $B;#1FBP>]$N51EY$H2hAGCM$N4X78(B
SPM$BJ,I[$OHy>.$J2hAGCM$NJQ2=$G$"$k$N$GJQ2=$r6/D4$7$J$1$l$P2D;k2=$G$-$J$$!%$=$N$?$a$K$O2hAG4V$N1i;;$,I,MW$G$"$k!%2. 4. 2 $B$Y$->h$H>jM>1i;;(B
n$B$O2hA|$r8+$J$,$i:GE,2=$9$k%Q%i%a!<%?$G!$=i4|CM$O(B1.4$B$,E,@Z$G$"$k!%(B
2. 4. 3 $B8r8_>jM>1i;;(B
$B<0(B(12)$B$O2b$N$h$&$K3H;6$7$?8=>]$N9=B$$rL@$i$+$K$9$k$N$KE,$9!%$3$l$i$N<0$O3F(BRGB$B@.J,$G@.N)$9$k!%1i;;7k2L$O(BZ = 0$B$G%]%8!$(BZ = 1$B$G%M%,$H$J$k$?$a2rFI$KCm0U$,I,MW$G$"$k!%$7$+$7(BSPM$BJ,I[$O4uGv$J$?$a%]%8$H%M%,$NN>J}$+$iH=FI$9$kI,MW$,$"$k$N$G!$2f!9$O<0(B(11)$B$h$j$bM-MQ$H9M$($k!%$^$?%Q%i%a!<%?(Bb$B$r(B~1.5$B$K$H$j51EY$NBg$-$$ItJ,$r%M%,B&$K0\9T$5$;Cf4VD4$r6/D4=PMh$k!%$3$l$O0l
2. 4. 4 $BEy9b@~1i;;(B
$B$3$3$G(Bg = 0$B$,IaDL$G$"$k$,!$J#?t
$B<0(B(13, 14)$B$O2hA|$NF10l51EY$N0LCV$KE@$rBG$D8z2L$,$"$k!%2hAGCM$,5^7c$KJQ2=$7$F$$$k>l=j$O0E$/$J$j!$2hAGCM$,>.$5$/$H$bJQ2=$,$J$1$l$PL@$k$/$J$k!%$f$($K0l
2. 4. 5 $BJQ2=N(1i;;(B
$B<0(B(15, 16)$B$O<0(B(13, 14)$B$N%Q%i%a!<%?(BM$B$NBEEv@-$r8!F$$9$k$?$a$KMQ$$$k!%2hA|>e$N8z2L$H$7$F$O<0(B(13, 14)$B$,M%$k!%(B
3 $B1@<~JU$NBg5$9=B$(B
$B@2E7;~$NCfAX1@<~JU$N(BSPM$B$HBg5$9=B$$r<0(B(5), a = 0.5$B$H<0(B(12)$B$N1i;;$GD4$Y$?!%(BFigure 6a~c$B$K(BSPM$BJ,I[$r<($9!%(B$B;#1FF|;~$O(B2008/10/29, 11:30 [JST]$B$G$"$k!%$=$N;~9o$NE78u$O:G6a@\$N%"%a%@%9(B[15]$B!$5\:j;T@DEg$G$O2w@2!$KL@>$NIw(B5.6 m/s$B!$5$29(B21.6 °C$B$G$"$k!%:G6a@\$N<>EYB,DjCOE@!$5\:jCOJ}5$>]Bf$G$O<>EY(B38 %$B$G$"$k!%:G6a@\$NBg5$4QB,COE@!$5\:j8)1R@84D6-8&5f=j$N(BSPM$BG;EY$O(B9 mg/m3$B$G$"$k!%FC$K(BSPM$BG;EY$,9b$$$H$$$&>u67$G$O$J$$!%(B
Figure 6a$B$N1&>e(BA$B$O1@!$Cf1{2<$N(BB$B$O(BSPM$B$N2b$G$"$k!%4c;k$G$O1@$N<~0O$O@D6u$G$"$C$?!%(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$G$O6u0lLL$K(BSPM$B$,J,I[$7$F$*$j!$(BFigure 6b, c$B$r8+$k$H(B11 $BIC6/$N;~4V4V3V$G$b1&$+$i:8$X0\F0$7$F$$$k!%J,I[7A>u$bBg$-$5$bICC10L$GJQ2=$7$F$$$k!%B@M[D>2<$G$O(B10 ppb$BDxEY$NG;EY$G$b(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$G$O(BSPM$BJ,I[$rL@$i$+$K$G$-$k!%(B
$B1@$NF0$-$h$j$b(BSPM$B$NF0$-$,B.$/8+$($k$,!$1@$NNX3T$NJQ2=$b7c$7$$!%(BFigure 6c$B$G$O1&>e$N1@$+$i(BSPM$B%8%'%C%H(BC$B$,Iw$K$h$j0z$-=P$5$l$F$$$k$h$&$K8+$($k!%1@$NFbIt9=B$$O7c$7$/JQ2=$7$F$$$k!%%8%'%C%HIt$NG;C8$r8+$k$HBg5$$OMpN.$G$"$k!%(B
$B1@FbIt$N9=B$$O0lHLE*$J1@$,ITF)L@$J$?$a$K2rL@$OFq$7$$!%$7$+$7L)EY$,AB$J1@$J$i$P$"$kDxEY$OJ,$+$k!%AB9=B$$N1@$O(BSPM$BG;EY$,9b$/$J$j!$$+$D4(5$$,>e6u$KN.F~$9$k$HDc6u$K$b=P8=$9$k!%(B2008/12/11, 14:24 $B5\:jBg3X9)3XIt>e6u$r3:Ev$9$k1@$,DL2a$7$?!%;29M$^$G$K5-$9$H!$EvF|F1;~9o$NE78u$O@DEg%"%a%@%9$G$O!$@>Fn@>$NIw(B4.6 m/s$B!$5$29(B21.1 °C$B$G$"$C$?!%5\:jCOJ}5$>]Bf$G$O@2!$<>EY(B44 %$B!$;kDx(B25 km$B$G$"$k!%(B14:00$B$N5\:j8)1R@84D6-8&5f=j$N(BSPM$BG;EY$O(B14 mg/m3$B$G$"$k!%(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$H<0(B(1)$B$NJ?6QA`:n2hA|$r(BFigure 7$B$K<($9!%#BE@$O?eJ?@~$KBP$7;#1FE@$+$i8+$F6D3Q(B47 deg$B!$5wN%(B10 m$B$G$"$k!%;#1FJ}8~$OKL!$2hA|:8B&$,@>J}8~$G$"$k!%BP3Q@~$N3QEY$O(B31.7 deg$B$G$"$k!%2hLLCf1{$N%U%#%i%a%s%HMM$N1@(BA$B$NY`$l$KCmL\$9$k$HBg5$$NMpN.$H12$NB8:_$,J,$+$k!%(B
$B$3$NB>$K?t==$N(BSPM$BJ,I[2hA|D4$Y$k$H12$H;W$o$l$k(BSPM$B$N2b$OIaJWE*$KB8:_$7$?!%12$NF0E*5sF0$r8+$k$?$a#5ICKh$NO"B3;#1F$r;n$_$?!%(B
Figure 6. The SPM distributions under a cloud on Kaeda hills in Miyazaki, Japan. The observation point is faculty of engineering of Miyazaki University, and the direction is south. The time is 2008/10/29, 11:30 [JST]. The interval times between Figure 6a~c are 11.2 s and 11.9 s. The camera is IR-enhanced Nikon D40x with AF50D/1.4, F = 5.6, 1/400 s.
Figure 7. Drifting filaments of clouds across the sky on Miyazaki University. The observation point is faculty of engineering of Miyazaki University, and the direction is north, and the angle from the horizontal plane is about 70 deg. The time is 2008/12/11, 14:24 [JST]. Each pixel is averaged by (R+G-leak+B-leak)/3. The camera is IR-enhanced Nikon D40x with AF50D/1.4, ISO = 100, F = 6.3, 1/400 s. The diagonal angle of the image is 31.7 deg.
Figure 8$B$O(B2009/12/25, 13:37 [JST]$B$N2C9>ED7LC+>e6u$N(BIR$B2hA|$G$"$k!%EvF|F1;~9o$NE78u$O@DEg%"%a%@%9$G$O!$@>Fn@>$NIw(B6.9 m/s$B!$5$29(B15.9 °C$B$G$"$C$?!%5\:jCOJ}5$>]Bf$G$O@2!$<>EY(B46 %$B!$;kDx(B15 - 25 km$B$G$"$k!%(B14:00$B$N5\:j8)1R@84D6-8&5f=j$N(BSPM$BG;EY$O(B23 mg/m3$B$G$"$C$?!%2hA|$O%H%j%_%s%0$5$l$F$*$j!$=D2#J}8~$N2h3Q$O(B10.9×13.3 deg$B$G$"$k!%Cf1{$N;M3Q$N:8B&$K$O1@$,$"$j!$$=$N<~JU$O(BSPM$B$N2b$G$"$k!%;M3QFb$G$O12$,H/@8$7(BSPM$B$r6E=8$5$;>.$5$J4]$$1@$r@8@.$7$?!%#317]$B!%$=$N7A>u$+$iH=CG$9$k$H(BFigure 8$B$N;M3Q$NCf$N>.$5$$4]$$E@$r12$H9M$($FNI$$$H;W$&!%$=$N12$N@8@.2aDx$r(B5 s$B$*$-$K;#1F$7JT=8$7$?$b$N$r(BFigure 9$B$K<($9!%K\?^$N?eJ?2h3Q$O(B1.89 deg(35 mm$B%+%a%i!&%l%s%:$G$O(B1300 mm$BAjEv(B)$B$G$"$k!%%G%8%?%kE*$K6/3HBg$7$F$$$k$?$a2hA|$N@h1TEY$ODc$$!%(B
$BEvF|$N5$>]>r7o$O@DEg%"%a%@%9$G2w@2!$@>KL@>$NIw(B3.0 m/s$B!$5$29(B14.5 °C$B!$5\:jCOJ}5$>]Bf$N<>EY$O(B72 %$B!$5\:j8)1R@84D6-8&5f=j$N(BSPM$BG;EY$O(B18 mg/m3$B$G$"$k!%(BSPM$BG;EY$OIaDL$G!$Iw8~$+$i9M$($k$H1&$+$i:8$X?a$-9_$m$75$L#$KIw$,?a$$$F$$$k!%(B
$BK\8&5f$O:bCDK!?ME49]6H4D6-J]A45;=Q3+H/4p6b4D6-8&5f=u@.6b(B($BBeI=
Figure 9$B$G$O12$NCf?4$rF10l0LCV$K$7$?!%12$NH/C#$H$H$b$KK\BN$N1@$O:8$X0\F0$7$F$$$k!J
Figure 9(e)$B$G$OK\BN$N1@$+$i12$K5[$$9~$^$l$k(BSPM$B$,2M66$N$h$&$K8+$($F$$$k!%(BFigure 9(g)$B$G$O12$NCf?4It$,(BFigure 9(e)$B$H$OL@$i$+$K0c$&!%12$,?jB`4|$K$5$7$+$+$C$F$$$k$h$&$K8+$($k!%(B
Figure 8. A Cloud in SPM mist on Kaeda-hills in Miyazaki, Japan. The observation point is faculty of engineering of Miyazaki University, and the direction is south, and the horizontal and vertical angles are 13.3 and 10.9 deg. The time is 2008/12/25, 13:37 [JST]. Each pixel is averaged by (R+G-leak+B-leak)/3. The camera is IR-enhanced Nikon D40x with AF50D/1.4, ISO = 100, F = 7.1, 1/320 s.
Figure 9. Karman vortex drifting from a cloud in the box of Figure 8. The time interval is 5 s. Centers of vortexes are put at the same position. 4 SPM$BJ,I[$NEy9b@~IA2hK!(B
SPM$BJ,I[$r<0(B(13, 14)$B$K$h$jEy9b@~$GIA$/$3$H$,$G$-$k!%K\K!$O0l
4. 1 $B9R6u5!<~JU$NBg5$9=B$(B
$B2b$,$+$C$?Bg5$Cf$r9b29J*BN!J$?$H$($P9R6u5!!K$,0\F0$9$k$H$-!$$=$N<~JUBg5$$NJQ2=$r@~2hA|$G2hA|2=$G$-$k$3$H$,$"$k!%(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$N7k2L$r(BFigure 10$B$K<($9!%(B
Figure 10$B$OJ?6QA`:n$r<0(B(1)$B$K$h$j!$F10l51EY$NEy9b@~$r<0(B(13, 14)$B$K$h$jIA$$$?$b$N$G$"$k!%2hA|Cf1{$K
Figure 10. A contour map for SPM scattering and atmosphere boundary on the sky of Miyazaki-city, Japan. The image is obtained by eqs. (1) and eq. (13, 14), where the M is set to be 16. The observed day and time are 2008/9/8, 14:12 [JST]. The point and the direction are faculty of engineering of Miyazaki University, and the north. The camera is IR-enhanced Nikon D40x with AF50D/1.4. The information is ISO = 100, F = 5.6 and 1/640 s.
Figure 11. A close-up image of Figure 10. There is a heat-point at the center of the airplane. The heat flows towards the back and it makes disturbance for SPM at a yellow arrow. 4. 2 $B5VNM$HBg5$9=B$(B
$B;3$K$V$D$+$k$HBg5$$O;}$A>e$2$i$l$k!%;3$O>.$5$JDc5$05$H9M$($i$l$k!%5VNM<~JU$G$OBg5$Cf$N(BSPM$BJ,I[$OJ#;($JJ,I[$H$J$k!%2D;k8w$G$O$=$NJ,I[$r8!=P$G$-$J$$$,(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$HEy9b@~IA2hK!$G$O2DG=$G$"$k!%(B2008/12/18, 8:56$B$K5\:j;T2C9>ED7LC+>e6u$G4QB,$5$l$?Nc$r(BFigures 12, 13$B$K<($9!%N>?^$N85(BRAW$B2hA|$OF10l$G$"$k!%(B
Figure 12$B$O<0(B(5), a = 1$B$G(BRGB$BMWAGCMA`:n$r9T$$%b%N%/%m!<%`2hA|$H$7$?!%%3%s%H%i%9%H6/D4$O9T$C$F$$$J$$!%4c;k$h$j$b1@$OL@NF$G1@<~JU$K$O2b$N$h$&$K(BSPM$B$,J,I[$7$F$$$k!%?^Cf$K;M3Q$G0O$C$F(BSPM$BIt$r<($7$?!%$=$N2
Figure 12. Clouds and SPM distribution on the sky of Kaeda-hills of Miyazaki, Japan. The observation point is the faculty of engineering of Miyazaki University. The direction is south-east, and the distance to Kaeda-hills is 2 km. It was a fine day of 2008/12/18, 8:56 [JST]. The camera is IR enhanced Nikon D40x with AF50D/1.4, F = 5.6, 1/400 s, with an average processing for each pixel, i.e., eq. (2).
Figure 12$B$N852hA|$r<0(B(13, 14)$B$G@~2h2=$9$k$H$-$N%Q%i%a!<%?(BM$B$r(B15, 16$B$H$7$?!%$=$&$9$k$H#2$D$N(BM$B$KBP$7#22hA|F@$i$l$k!%6&$K(BSPM$BJ,I[$N@~2h$G$"$k$,N>
Figure 13$B$N(BA$BItJ,$G$O!$
D$BCOE@$N6u$K1d$S$?(BSPM$BJ,I[$r;3H)$r6n$1>e$,$kIw$K$h$k$b$N$H9M$($l$P(BA$BCOE@$G$O>e>:N.!$(BD$BCOE@>e6u$G$O1&$+$i:8$XBg5$$,F0$$$F$$$k$N$G(BD$BCOE@$K>.$5$J12$,$"$k$H2r
$BNG@~$h$j>e6u$G$O(BSPM$BJ,I[$O7c$7$$>qMp$r<($9!%(BB$BItJ,$K$O129=B$$,$"$k!%(BC$BItJ,$K$OITDj7A$N(BSPM$BG;EY$NG;$$ItJ,$,$"$k!%(BC$BIt1&$K$bITDj7A$N9bG;EY(BSPM$B$,$"$k!%$=$3$K$O12$,$"$k$h$&$K8+$($k!%(B
$B0J>e!$Ey9b@~IA2hK!$G$OBg5$Cf$N>\:Y$J(BSPM$BJ,I[$rL@$i$+$K$7!$Hy:Y9=B$$rIA$/$3$H$,$G$-$k!%(B
Figure 13. A contour map for the SPM distribution on Kaeda-hills of Miyazaki, Japan. The original image is same as that of Figure 10. The processing is eqs. (13, 14), where M = 15 and 16. For the two M, we get two images; then they are overlapped. The angle for the horizontal direction is 18.0 deg. 5 $B$^$H$a(B
$BBg5$Cf$NG;EY==?t(Bppb$B%*!<%@$N%(%"%m%>%kJ,I[$r!$(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$G2D;k2=$9$kJ}K!$rDs0F$7$?!%%G%8%?%k0l4c%l%U%+%a%iFbIt$N@V30@~%+%C%H!&%U%#%k%?$r%m%s%0%Q%9!&%U%#%k%?$K8r49$7$F(BIR$B2~B$%+%a%i$H$7$?!%%+%a%i$N?':LFC@-$rD4::$7!$Bg5$Cf$N2b>u$N%(%"%m%>%k$r6/D4$9$k(BRGB$BMWAG4V$N1i;;$r<($7$?!%1i;;$rAH9g$;$?#2$D$N2hA|=hM}K!$r<($7!$$=$l$i$r@~2hk_D4K!!$Ey9b@~IA2hK!$HL?L>$7$?!%5!G=$O0J2<$G$"$k!%(B
$B@~2hk_D4K!!'%(%"%m%>%k;6Mp8w$N?tK\DxEY$NEy51EY@~$H@~4V$NG;C8A|$rF@$k!%K\K!$GI=<($7$?1@$O%(%"%m%>%k$N2b$NCf$KB8:_$7$F$$$k!%1@$+$i$O4uGv$J2b$,N.=P$7$F$$$k$3$H$,$"$k!%2b$O1@$HF14|$7$FN.F0$;$:G;EY$b7A>u$bJQ2=$7$F$$$k!%JQ2=B.EY$O#5ICC10L$G$"$k!%(B
$BEy9b@~IA2hK!!'%(%"%m%>%k;6Mp8w$N==?tK\0J>e$NEy51EY@~$rIA$/!%K\K!$O0l
6 $BIUO?!!4QB,3FCOE@$N0^EY$H7PEY(B
*$BKL$r(B0 deg$B$H$7$F;~7WJ}8~$K2s$k$H$-$NJ}0L(B$B4QB,E@(B $BKL0^(B [deg] $BEl7P(B [deg] $B5wN%(B [km] $BJ}0L(B* [deg] $B5\:jBg3X9)3XIt(BE$BEo(B 31.8281 131.4153 0.00 $B86E@(B $B5\:jCOJ}5$>]Bf(B 31.93865 131.41391 12.2 359. $BKL(B $B5\:j8)1R@84D6-8&5f=j(B 31.83324 131.41544 0.57 1.3 $BKL(B $B@V9>%"%a%@%9(B 31.8767 131.4483 6.22 30.1 $BKLEl(B $B@DEg%"%a%@%9(B 31.8033 131.4583 4.91 124. $BFnEl(B $B2C9>ED7LC+(B ($B$/$sH-;3(B) 31.7971 131.4131 3.43 184. $BFn(B $B5\:j;TCf?439(B ($B5\8r%7%F%#(B) 31.8947 131.4197 7.38 3.2 $BKL(B
[ 2] $B3^86;05*IW(B, $BElLn?J(B $BJT(B, $B%(%"%m%>%k$NBg5$4D6-1F6A(B, $B5~ETBg3X=PHG2q(B, $B5~ET(B (2007), ISBN 978-4-87698-698-9.1.3$B!$(B1.4 $B@a(B $B3^86;05*IW(Bpp.6-23$B!$(B4.1$B@a(B $BH+;3;KO:(B pp.114-136$B!$KD=a$K4X$7$F!'(B8.2$B@a(B $B7s0BD>
[ 4] $B?eLnNL(B, $B1@$H1+$N5$>]3X(B, $BD+AR=qE9(B, $BEl5~(B (2000), ISBN 4-254-16703-2.
[ 5] $B5FCS>!90(B, $B5$>]%V%C%/%9(B21$B!!1@$HL8$H1+$N@$3&(B, $B@.;3F2=qE9(B (2008), ISBN 978-4-425-55201-6.
[ 6] $B:,K\@5Gn(B, $B>.NSGnOB(B, $B!V%(%"%m%>%k$NCO5e29CH2=$X$N1F6A$N8&5f!=;D$5$l$?2]Bj$X$N
http://www.nistep.go.jp/achiev/ftx/jpn/stfc/stt020j/0211_03_feature_articles/200211_fa04/200211_fa04.html
http://www.civil.chuo-u.ac.jp/lab/suiri/tmp/non-judge/2004
$B;3ED@5(B, $B
http://www.jaast.jp/n25/index.shtml
Yukiko Dokiya, Mt. Fuji Project: For the establishment of a high mountain observation platform, Proceedings of the International Workshop/Symposium, organized by the JSPS fund 18631002 group (2006).
http://www.edogawa-u.ac.jp/~dokiya/Proceeding11.28.pdf
[11] $B@iMUBg3X4D6-%j%b!<%H%;%s%7%s%08&5f%;%s%?!<(B/$BBg5$%j%b!<%H%;%s%7%s%0MQ8l=8!$%*%s%0%9%H%m!<%`%Q%i%a!<%?(B
http://www.cr.chiba-u.jp/~kuze-lab/glossary_sub.html
[12] $B5HED@5B@O:(B, $B6~@^K>1s6@8w3XF~Lg(B, $B@?J8F2?78w
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/
$BF|K\8l%,%$%I!'%V%m%0!V@P$3$m$H:=N3$N@$3&!$B@M[8w$N%9%Z%/%H%k!W(B
http://sunatsubu.at.webry.info/200808/article_2.html
$B
[15] $B5$>]D#(B(Japan Meteorological Agency)
http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php
[16] $B4D6->JBg5$1x@wJ*
Return